- Internal Code :
- Subject Code : MAE7030-B
- University : University of Bradford
- Subject Name : Science & Math
Vehicle Powertrain and Dynamics
Executive Summary of Vehicle Powertrain and Dynamics
A propulsion system has a wellspring of mechanical force (some kind of motor or engine, muscles), and a few methods for utilizing this capacity to produce power, for example, haggle, propellers, a propulsive spout, wings, balances or legs. Different segments, for example, grasps, gearboxes, etc. might be expected to interface the force source to the power producing part [1]. Electric vehicles (EV) right off the bat presented in late 1800's. Be that as it may, the advantages offered by inside burning motors over electric impetus settled on the past a mainstream decision. Expanding cost of non-renewable energy sources combined with natural concerns has expanded the enthusiasm for the exploration and development of electric vehicle impetus advancements. Car firms have been trying with various sorts of impetus engines and vitality transformation frameworks related with cutting edge power change advances. With this adjustment in strategy the specialized world predicts significant headways in innovation bringing forth an item which will lead the worldwide market in the coming years. [2]
Aims & Objective of Vehicle Powertrain and Dynamics
Reviewing the automotive engines’ performance, economics and emissions and allow the developing new technology by using modeling and simulation method to vehicles and critical analysis of difficult problems.
Literature Review of Vehicle Powertrain and Dynamics
Mehrdad et al (1997) gave a plan way to deal with HEV and EV impetus frameworks on the bases of vehicle elements. This methodology is planned at result the ideal torque-speed profile for the electric powertrain. The investigation uncovers that the all-encompassing consistent force activity is significant for both the underlying quickening and cruising interims of activity. The more the engine can work in consistent force, the less the speeding up power necessity will be. A few sorts of engines are concentrated in this specific circumstance. It is reasoned that the acceptance engine has clear focal points for the HEV and EV at the present. A brushless dc engine must be able to do high speeds to be serious with the enlistment engine. Be that as it may, more structure and assessment information is expected to confirm this chance. The structure technique was applied to a genuine HEV and EV to exhibit its advantages.
Bartlomiej et al (2003) gave the assessment of driving force and vitality prerequisites for car vehicle. A study of most encouraging utilizations of electric and half and half vehicles in urban areas with business line arrangements was given. Assessment of vehicle's vitality, when is alluded to urban driving cycles, mirrors a significant expansion of the normal and maximal force necessities. Recreation consequences of a little vehicle furnished with cutting edge energy unit converter and supercapacitor stockpiling bank have demonstrated the force stream between these sources at standardized urban driving conditions.
Andrea et al (2005) portrayed the vitality planning for the HEV and the EV, which shows that the HEV is today serious option in contrast to the ICE vehicles. An arrangement half breed innovation is constructed and tried on a model. The range extender and power-help method of activity were tried and the 28 outcomes detailed. The arrangement was intended to meet extremely low creation costs without trading off a lot on the proficiency. The expense of the moreover required DC-DC converter between the battery and the DC connect is more than remunerated as it permits to keep the battery at a littler size without diminishing the ability to extremely little and barely controllable limits.
Rajeswari et al (2006) contemplated the limit of the vitality stockpiling framework for example the battery in a half and half vehicle. Different tests on the release attributes, including investigation of Ohmic protections under different cases was done for a different battery just as a battery utilized in a half breed vehicle and the previous was found to have more prominent impedance while cycling. The importance would be the battery choice and investigation, charging modes and innovations.
Markel and Simpson (2006) recommended that, module cross breed electric vehicle innovation holds a lot of guarantee for diminishing the interest for oil in the transportation area. Its latent capacity sway is exceptionally subject to the framework plan and the vitality stockpiling framework. They talked about on the structure choices including force, vitality and working methodology as they identify with the vitality stockpiling framework. They examined the structure alternatives including force, vitality, and working procedure as they identify with the vitality stockpiling framework. Development of the usable condition of-charge window will drastically diminish cost yet it will be constrained by battery life prerequisites. Expanding the battery power capacity will give the capacity to run all-electrically more regularly however it will build the expense. Expanding the vitality limit from 20-40 miles of electric range capacity gives an extra 15% decrease in fuel utilization yet in addition almost pairs the gradual expense.
Wong et al (2006) read the propelled batteries for PHEV and HEV applications and researched the lifecycle expenses of various kinds of 29 vehicles quantitatively. General conditions were created to portray the presentation necessities and cost of all subsystems in vehicles. Their decisions propose that lead-corrosive batteries can be fabricated to meet the vehicle life cycle necessities of PHEVs and HEVs. The existence cycle cost of HEVs is the most reduced among CVs, HEVs, PHEVs. The batteries of PHEVs ought to be estimated by the driving propensities for the drivers.
T.W. Ching et al (2012) present that EVs are perfect because of their zero neighborhood discharges and low worldwide emanations. They are likewise green because of their natural agreeableness, since power can be created by sustainable power sources to accomplish reasonable versatility and zero discharges. With the developing worries on oil value vacillation, consumption of oil assets and an unnatural weather change, there is quickly developing enthusiasm for EVs in Macau. Before adjusting EVs in Macau, a battery-fueled smaller than normal EV was as of late tried with genuine driving conditions in sub-tropical condition of Macau. Results uncovered the driving extent by one full-charge was about 109km, a fuel cost reserve funds of over 70.4%, and CO2 discharge was fundamentally diminished by 51.9%. Extra decrease could be accomplished when increasingly sustainable power sources or non-coal power was utilized for the age of power.
Calculations, Results & Analysis of Vehicle Powertrain and Dynamics
Using well to wheel efficiency analysis for benchmarking of ICE and EV vehicle in terms of emission and performance. well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis of a vehicle system asylums all phases of the fuel cycle, from drive feedstock recovery (well) to energy transfer at the vehicle’s wheels. There are some cases of
1] Diesel SUV vs Electric SUV
2] Petrol car vs Electric car
- As per the Indian road considering, transportation loss is 33%.
In Diesel SUV vs Electric SUV, diesel has a calorific value of 38.4 MJ/liter and regular diesel SUV gives 10 km/liter. The well to wheel efficiency of diesel powered SUV
= 1 / [(energy content of diesel)/ (100% - transportation loss)] * (km/liter)
= 1/ [(38.4)/ (100-33)] * 10
= 0.17 km/ MJ
Means in travel of 1 km, it must expand 5.88 MJ
While in Electric SUV, efficiency is 237.5 Wh/ km and transmission loss is 70% considered (as per the official EPA data of the Tesla Model X electric SUV)
= 1/ [(3600 / (100% - 70%)] x 10^6 x (1/237.5) km/Wh = 0.35 km/MJ
Final efficiency is considered 90% of Tesla = 0.90 * 0.35 = 0.32 km/MJ
Means in travel of 1 km of electric car expand 3.12 MJ
- As per the Indian road considering, transportation loss is 33%.
In Petrol car vs Electric car, petrol has a calorific value of 34.3 MJ/liter and regular petrol car gives 15 km/liter. The well to wheel efficiency of petrol powered car
= 1 / [(energy content of diesel)/ (100% - transportation loss)] * (km/liter)
= 1/ [(34.3)/ (100-33)] * 15
= 0.29 km/ MJ
Means in travel of 1 km, it must expand 3.45 MJ
While in Electric SUV, efficiency is 90 Wh/ km and transmission loss is 70% considered (as per the official Mahindra e2o electric car)
= 1/ [(3600 / (100% - 70%)] x 10^6 x (1/90) km/Wh = 0.93 km/MJ
Final efficiency is considered 80% of Tesla = 0.80 * 0.93 = 0.74 km/MJ
Means in travel of 1 km of electric car expand 1.35 MJ
Equivalent carbon emission
CO2 content of any specified basis fuel is well cleared. Coal having 23.8 grams of carbon per mega-joule while oil having 19.9 grams of carbon per mega-joule. implementing those carbon content levels to the given efficiency of vehicles. On the basis of some assumption:
- electricity derives from coal
- The thorough power manufacture combination varies from one fragment of the country to another and is varying over period.
For 1 km of driving,
- Carbon footprint of a diesel SUV = 5.88 MJ/km x 19.9 g/MJ = 117.01 g/km
- Carbon footprint of an electric SUV = 3.12 MJ/km x 23.8 g/MJ = 74.25 g/km
- Carbon footprint of a diesel SUV = 5.88 MJ/km x 19.9 g/MJ = 117.01 g/km
- Carbon footprint of a small electric car = 1.35 MJ/km x 23.8 g/MJ = 32.13 g/km
Cost of Ownership
To show up at the similar lifetime costs for BEVs and ICEVs, we utilized a measure called Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). TCO is involved two significant cost classifications: those brought about by the first hardware producer (OEM) and those acquired once responsibility for vehicle has moved to the purchaser. TCO is a portrayal in dollars of what amount claiming a vehicle will cost over the lifetime of the vehicle, and it epitomizes the entirety of the cost inputs brought about over the twenty-year lifecycle of a vehicle. For costs brought about before the exchange of proprietorship, we utilized a measure called Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). TVC typifies the entirety of the cost inputs that go into making a vehicle, from planning, building, and assembling, just as guarantee cost and overhead, and results in the vehicle at the manufacturing plant entryway. When possession has moved to the shopper, costs incorporate the In-Use expenses of working and keeping up the vehicle, and the finish of-life costs related with discarding the vehicle [3].
Discussion on Vehicle Powertrain and Dynamics
As per the above calculation of well to wheel efficiency it can be said that, a small electric car having 2.5 time more efficient than an equivalent petrol car and same as an electric SUV having 1.8 times more efficient than an equivalent diesel SUV. Carbon foot print of electric car and electric SUV are very low comparatively petrol car and diesel SUV respectively.
In cost of ownership, as shown in fig 1. BEVs were considerably more luxurious to buy and function over the lifespan of a vehicle. For a 2015 Compact Passenger Vehicle, ADL initiate the BEV was found 44 percentages costlier than an equivalent ICEV as see Figure 1. For a 2015 Mid-Size Passenger Vehicle, the price effect difference was even more noticeable – the BEV was 60% more costly than an equivalent ICEV.
As time advances, BEV innovation will improve with the end goal that TCO will decay and driving reach will improve. These enhancements will profit the buyer and increment the GWP differential comparative with ICEVs. This expansion in the GWP differential will happen notwithstanding the higher mileage necessities for ICEVs, which will outpace the decrease in emanations from power age related with the transforming US vitality blend. The GWP for ICEVs will decay, however drivers will pay for this improvement as far as a higher TCO.
Conclusions on Vehicle Powertrain and Dynamics
To conclude upgrades in innovation, accompany an expense – and whether it is paid in dollars, ozone harming substance emanations, or human wellbeing effects, BEVs and ICEVs both speak to an unpredictable arrangement of financial and ecological exchange offs, in which headways in a single zone are unavoidably associated with impacts in another. These exchange offs must be considered comprehensively when gauging the effects of developing traveler vehicle innovation and the potential for more extensive BEV selection in the US showcase.
References for Vehicle Powertrain and Dynamics
A summary of electric vehicle propulsion technologies, Vaibhav Hudda
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/vehicle_propulsion.htm
Battery Electric Vehicles vs. Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles, A United States-Based Comprehensive Assessment
https://www.pluginindia.com/blogs/calculating-well-to-wheel-efficiency-of-electric-vehicles
Ricardo-AEA (2015). Improving understanding of technology and costs for CO2 reductions from cars and LCVs in the period to 2030 and development of cost curves. Final Report for the Directorate- General for Climate Action. [Forthcoming].
Ahman, M. (2001). Primary energy efficiency of alternative powertrains in vehicles. Energy 26: 973-989.
GM (2002). Well to Wheel analysis of Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of advancedfuel/vehicle systems- A European Study-. General Motors
Daan Bakker, Battery Electric Vehicles Performance, CO2 emissions, lifecycle costs and advanced battery technology development, Master thesis Sustainable Development, Energy and Resources Copernicus institute University of Utrecht,2010
Hekkert, M. P., Hendriks, F. H. J. F., Faaij, A. P. C. and Neelis, M. L. (2005). Natural gas as an alternative to crude oil in automotive fuel chains well-to-wheel analysis and transition strategy development. Energy Policy 33 579–594.
Wolfram, Paul & Lutsey, Nicholas. (2016). Electric vehicles: Literature review of technology costs and carbon emissions. 10.13140/RG.2.1.2045.3364.
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